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The peptide literature, summarized and graded.

Every paper distilled to a plain-language summary with an honest evidence grade — from strong human trials to animal-only signals. 12 papers indexed and counting.

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Filtered by #thymosin beta-4 · clear
🧪 TrialInsufficient

Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta 4 for Injection(NL005) for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Registered Phase 2 interventional trial (not yet recruiting). The goal of this phase IIc clinical trial is to learn if recombinant human thymosin beta 4 injection (NL005) works to treat heart damage in people who have had a serious type of heart attack called ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and have been treated with emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI, a procedure to open the blocked artery). It will also learn about the safety of NL005. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does NL005 lower the size of permanent heart muscle damage measured by cardiac m

ClinicalTrials.gov · May 2026View trial ↗
InsufficientPreprint

Evaluation of Research Grade Peptides Marketed Directly to Consumers Reveals Extensive Variability in Purity and Measured Abundance

This study analyzed a large, publicly available independent testing dataset of 6,441 samples spanning fourteen peptide compounds sold through largely unregulated gray market channels directly to consumers. Compounds examined included BPC-157, semaglutide, tirzepatide, PT-141, TB-500, thymosin beta-4, and others marketed for purposes such as injury recovery, muscle growth, fat loss, and athletic performance. Researchers applied two quality acceptance frameworks — one approximating standards for 503A compounded medications and a stricter model reflecting FDA-approved drug production standards — to assess purity, measured abundance, and endotoxin burden. The study found that between 41.6% and 71.1% of samples failed to meet basic quality criteria depending on the framework applied, and measurable endotoxin contamination was detected in 15% of samples. Gray market peptides were consistently cheaper than FDA-approved alternatives, though cost differentials varied widely (e.g., 72.8% higher for tirzepatide vs. 3,850% higher for PT-141 when comparing FDA-approved options). The authors concluded that consumer-directed third-party testing improves transparency but captures only a fraction of the full safety profile relevant to patients self-administering injectable compounds. Key limitations include reliance on a secondary dataset not collected under controlled research conditions and the inability to assess many other safety dimensions beyond purity and endotoxin levels.

Unknown journal · Apr 2026DOI ↗
🧪 TrialInsufficient

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4 17-23 Fragment) for Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Stable ASCVD

Registered Phase 1/Phase 2 interventional trial (recruiting). This fictional study is an example of a ClinicalTrials.gov-style record. It describes a Phase 1/2 trial evaluating the safety and tolerability of TB-500 (a 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4) versus placebo in adults with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Exploratory endpoints assess vascular function and inflammation biomarkers

ClinicalTrials.gov · Mar 2026View trial ↗
🧪 TrialInsufficient

Efficacy and Safety Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Registered Phase 2 interventional trial (completed). A multicenter randomized double-blind placebo parallel control design was used in this study. The 90 participants were randomly assigned to placebo, 0.5μg/kg dose group, and 1.0μg/kg dose group in a ratio of 1:1:1. After randomization, subjects received the trial drug or placebo intravenously within 12 hours and on days 2 to 7 after PCI. The patients were observed 90 days after PCI.

ClinicalTrials.gov · Aug 2023View trial ↗
🧪 TrialInsufficient

Safety and Efficacy Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.Infarction

Registered Phase 2 interventional trial (completed). A multicenter randomized double-blind placebo parallel control design was used in this study.60 subjects eligible for inclusion will be randomly assigned to either a low-dose (0.25ug/kg) medium-dose (0.5ug/kg) high-dose (2.0ug/kg) experimental drug group or a control group (placebo) at a ratio of 1:1:1:1.After randomization, subjects received the experimental drug or placebo once a day, intravenously, on day 2 to 7, 12 hours and 4 hours after PCI.Ninety days after PCI were observed.

ClinicalTrials.gov · Aug 2022View trial ↗
🧪 TrialInsufficient

A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers

Registered Phase 1 interventional trial (completed). The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetics and the potential immunological reaction of single intravenous recombinant human thymosin β4(NL005)or placebo 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 5, 12.5, 25μg/kg in Chinese healthy volunteers. 54 volunteers will be randomized to receive NL005 or placebo for 7 cohorts,administered iv by iv push on Day 1.

ClinicalTrials.gov · Sep 2020View trial ↗
🧪 TrialInsufficient

A Phase 1b Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteers

Registered Phase 1 interventional trial (completed). The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetics and the potential immunological reaction of single intravenous recombinant human thymosin β4(NL005)or placebo 0.5, 2.0,5.0μg/kg in Chinese healthy volunteers.30 volunteers will be randomly assigned to one of three groups to receive either NL005 or placebo for 10 consecutive days.

ClinicalTrials.gov · Sep 2020View trial ↗
🧪 TrialInsufficient

A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction

Registered Phase 2 interventional trial (withdrawn). The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of two active doses of RGN-352 (thymosin beta 4, Tβ4, Injectable Solution) in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving percutaneous coronary intervention angioplasty with or without stent placement. Approximately 75 subjects will be randomized to receive one of two RGN-352 doses of 1200 mg, or 450 mg, or placebo, administered iv by iv push daily for the first 3 consecutive days and weekly for 4 more weeks.

ClinicalTrials.gov · Mar 2011View trial ↗